領導論

中國歷代名人名言錄 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導之「道」 by: (Language materials, printed)

成功的角色 by: (Language materials, printed)

做個成功主管 by: (Language materials, printed)

期待中的新領導者 by: (Language materials, printed)

不流淚的領導乾坤術 by: (Language materials, printed)

歷代用人的奧祕 : 名君、名相、名人、名家用人術 by: (Language materials, printed)

管理人首策 by: (Language materials, printed)

訂作人材 : 成功企業的育人哲學 by: (Language materials, printed)

周恩來的領導藝術 by: (Language materials, printed)

逆領導思考 : 傾聽追隨族的工作哲學 by: (Language materials, printed)

爵士領導 by: (Language materials, printed)

團體領導者訓練實務 by: (Language materials, printed)

如何吹響領導的號角? by: (Language materials, printed)

做個快樂主管 : 輕鬆管理,步步高升 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導者效能訓練 by: (Language materials, printed)

從歷史看領導 by: (Language materials, printed)

中國帝王統御術1-2 by: (Language materials, printed)

全球企業再造大師傑克.威爾許 : 奇異公司總裁經營成功十大祕訣 by: (Language materials, printed)

管理者的工作與職責 by: (Language materials, printed)

你不知道的心理領導術 by: (Language materials, printed)

培養您的領導魅力 by: (Language materials, printed)

危機管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

企業成功轉型8 Steps by: (Language materials, printed)

塑造管理者領導魅力 : 當個讓下屬發揮長處的主管 by: (Language materials, printed)

甘地式領導 by: (Language materials, printed)

愛心與管理 : 愛心領導的藝術 by: (Language materials, printed)

全心以赴 by: (Language materials, printed)

一分鐘領導 by: (Language materials, printed)

中國歷代經營謀略學寶典 by: (Language materials, printed)

中國歷代人際謀略學寶典 by: (Language materials, printed)

中國歷代名人名言錄 by: (Language materials, printed)

領袖群倫 : 如何做一個稱職的主管 by: (Language materials, printed)

高竿主管的領導技巧 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導藝術 by: (Language materials, printed)

如何成為好上司 : 管理人不可不知的50守則 by: (Language materials, printed)

新世紀領導人 by: (Language materials, printed)

化繁為簡談管理 = Winning by managing : 聰明管理I by: (Language materials, printed)

學校領導的訣竅 by: (Language materials, printed)

從歷史看領導 by: (Language materials, printed)

頂尖領導人 = Leader Effectiveness Training by: (Language materials, printed)

２┼２ = ５ : 高產能與高獲利的新解答 by: (Language materials, printed)

領袖群倫 : 如何做一個稱職的主管 by: (Language materials, printed)

溝通時代話領導 by: (Language materials, printed)

人心掌握術 by: (Language materials, printed)

首腦論 : 第一本研究首腦行為的規則性的專書 by: (Language materials, printed)

如何成為領導高手 by: (Language materials, printed)

權力與影響力 : 了解組織中權力的互動 by: (Language materials, printed)

帝王學 : 貞觀政要的領導藝術 by: (Language materials, printed)

帝王學 : 貞觀政要的領導藝術 by: (Language materials, printed)

一分鐘領導祕訣 by: (Language materials, printed)

世界領袖 by: (Language materials, printed)

諸葛亮領導兵法 : 《將苑》菁華錄 by: (Language materials, printed)

卓越小團體領導術 by: (Language materials, printed)

權力與影嚮力 by: (Language materials, printed)

風格領導 by: (Language materials, printed)

自己成功,也幫助他人成功! by: (Language materials, printed)

領導EQ = Developing the leaders within you by: (Language materials, printed)

三國人才學 : 商用中國式用人藝術 by: (Language materials, printed)

帝王學的智慧 : 現代的領導藝術 by: (Language materials, printed)

霸術 : 商用馬基維利兵法 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導理論研究 by: (Language materials, printed)

讓我們更親近 : 靈活運用團體技巧 by: (Language materials, printed)

365天領導心法 by: (Language materials, printed)

企業主管VS.獨裁者 by: (Language materials, printed)

指導力 : 宋名臣言行錄的領導哲理 by: (Language materials, printed)

如何成為一位優秀管理者 : 現代管理者的新使命 by: (Language materials, printed)

主管信條 by: (Language materials, printed)

三國人才學 : 商用中國式用人藝術 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導的藝術 by: (Language materials, printed)

2000年的經理人 by: (Language materials, printed)

帝王學 : 貞觀政要的領導藝術 by: (Language materials, printed)

管理心.領導魂 by: (Language materials, printed)

經典管理 : 世界名著中的管理啟示 by: (Language materials, printed)

樂在得人 : 有伯樂才有千里馬 by: (Language materials, printed)

全心以赴 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導與整合 by: (Language materials, printed)

從歷史看領導 by: (Language materials, printed)

西點軍校領導魂 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導統御的50個方法 by: (Language materials, printed)

給新鮮管理人 : 提供初任管理者84項管理要點 by: (Language materials, printed)

位子 : 成功的策略家 by: (Language materials, printed)

怎樣做主管 by: (Language materials, printed)

領袖與我 : 群眾心理中的領袖魅力 by: (Language materials, printed)

活用戰典 by: (Language materials, printed)

一分鐘領導秘訣 by: (Language materials, printed)

主管知人100招 : 主管識人用人指南 by: (Language materials, printed)

經理階級的危機 by: (Language materials, printed)

人人都是經理人 : 智慧管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

尖端領導 by: (Language materials, printed)

卓越主管 by: (Language materials, printed)

人物學講話 by: (Language materials, printed)

新時代的領導綱領 : 有效的領導觀念與法則 by: (Language materials, printed)

統御力 : 領導者的魄力與魅力/90法則 by: (Language materials, printed)

老闆魅力學 by: (Language materials, printed)

成功的領導者 : 小故事大啟示 by: (Language materials, printed)

主管常犯的22個嚴重錯誤 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導者的條件 by: (Language materials, printed)

經理人常犯的13個錯誤 : 從他人的錯誤中,學習臻於完善之道 by: (Language materials, printed)

首腦論 : 第一本研究首腦行為的規則性的專書 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導的技巧 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導的技巧 by: (Language materials, printed)

追求卓越的熱情 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導者 = Leaders:the strategies for taking charge : 領導,如何成功? by: (Language materials, printed)

領導與變革 : 企業變革中的領導新思維 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導自己 : 在知識社會裡培養自我領導力 by: (Language materials, printed)

這種幹部請你辭職!忠告篇 by: (Language materials, printed)

總裁獅子心 = From Messenger to Manager by: (Language materials, printed)

大競爭力 : 引爆廿一世紀全球領導新趨勢 by: (Language materials, printed)

好主管的領導技巧 by: (Language materials, printed)

風格領導 by: (Language materials, printed)

松下領導一百訣 by: (Language materials, printed)

賺錢需要好伙伴 by: (Language materials, printed)

指導能力 : 培育部屬101法則 by: (Language materials, printed)

組織領導 by: (Language materials, printed)

團體技巧 by: (Language materials, printed)

現代帝王學 : 修己安人的領導哲學 by: (Language materials, printed)

新商魂 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導藝術 by: (Language materials, printed)

365天領導心法 = Time-Out Leadership by: (Language materials, printed)

如何成為好上司 : 管理人不可不知的50守則 by: (Language materials, printed)

團體技巧 by: (Language materials, printed)

掌舵 : 智慧領導人 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導EQ = DEVELOPING THE LEADERS WITHIN YOU by: (Language materials, printed)

諸葛亮領導兵法 : 《將苑》菁華錄 by: (Language materials, printed)

追求卓越的熱情 : 企業經營的領導革命 by: (Language materials, printed)

諸葛亮領導兵法 : 《將苑》菁華錄 by: (Language materials, printed)

日本企業轉型實例研究 by: (Language materials, printed)

怎樣當主管 : 如何經營自己第3部 by: (Language materials, printed)

如何成為好上司 : 管理人不可不知的50守則 by: (Language materials, printed)

如何成為領導高手 = THE EMPEROR LEADSHIP by: (Language materials, printed)

你也可以年薪千萬 by: (Language materials, printed)

從信任開始 : 成功領導的基本條件 by: (Language materials, printed)

火線上的管理智慧 by: (Language materials, printed)

奇葩與怪傑 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導人的逆思考 : 非凡領導能力的祕密 by: (Language materials, printed)

最高統帥權 : 談戰時軍人與政治家以及領導統御問題 by: (Language materials, printed)

大聲讚美,輕聲責備 by: (Language materials, printed)

網路上不教的課 : 全方位的職場教戰手冊 by: (Language materials, printed)

誰與爭鋒 : 世界級三大企業領袖稱霸傳奇 by: (Language materials, printed)

鮑爾成功領導手冊 by: (Language materials, printed)

CEO總統盧武鉉 by: (Language materials, printed)

危機領導 : 強化應變執行力的八大領導新法則 by: (Language materials, printed)

比爾.蓋茲給經理人的80個忠告 by: (Language materials, printed)

雙面經理人 by: (Language materials, printed)

大聲讚美輕聲責備 by: (Language materials, printed)

鮑爾風範 : 迎戰變局的領導智慧與勇氣 by: (Language materials, printed)

CEO的領導智慧 : 7個偉大執行長的真知灼見與行動策略 by: (Language materials, printed)

新競爭時代 : 全球企業舵手的經營智慧 by: (Language materials, printed)

威爾許領導智典 by: (Language materials, printed)

從A到A+ : 向上提升,或向下沉淪?企業從優秀到卓越的奧祕 by: (Language materials, printed)

總經理手冊《上》 = Master of business administration by: (Language materials, printed)

總經理手冊《下》 = Master of business administration by: (Language materials, printed)

如何成為好上司 : 管理人不可不知的50守則 by: (Language materials, printed)

高明的權力運作 : 領導者必備的謀略智慧 by: (Language materials, printed)

主管聖經 = A handbook for executives : 管理全勝戰略上 by: (Language materials, printed)

影響力 by: (Language materials, printed)

競爭加倍速 : 創新致勝 by: (Language materials, printed)

王牌領隊 : 有效領導專業團隊 by: (Language materials, printed)

打造新領導人 : 建立高EQ的領導能力和組織 by: (Language materials, printed)

親愛的老闆 : 給上司的109封信 by: (Language materials, printed)

決策時刻 by: (Language materials, printed)

危機中的英雄 : 險中求勝的十大法則 by: (Language materials, printed)

超級主管 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導引擎 : 誰是企業下一個接班人? by: (Language materials, printed)

權責制領導 : 如何運用權責協定 by: (Language materials, printed)

從創業家到執行長 by: (Language materials, printed)

奇魅心理學 by: (Language materials, printed)

?心開始 by: (Language materials, printed)

為將之道 = American Generalship : 指揮的藝術-風格代表一切 by: (Language materials, printed)

成果式領導的第一本書 by: (Language materials, printed)

學校教育與行政 by: (Language materials, printed)

經理人常犯的13個錯誤 : 從他人的錯誤中,學習臻於完善之道 by: (Language materials, printed)

用一隻老鼠扳倒一頭大象 : 50個讓腦袋決定屁股的用人Tips by: (Language materials, printed)

小團體領導指南 by: (Language materials, printed)

領袖 by: (Language materials, printed)

團體輔導的方法與活動 by: (Language materials, printed)

致勝先鋒 : 善用專案小組 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導人的變革法則 : 組織轉型成功八步驟 by: (Language materials, printed)

誰怕管理? : 克服管理的七大陷阱 by: (Language materials, printed)

沃爾瑪王朝 : 全球第一大企業成長傳奇 by: (Language materials, printed)

權力的七個矛盾 by: (Language materials, printed)

僕人領導學 : 僕人領導的理論與實踐 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導 : 哈佛商業評論 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導的24堂必修課 : 日常領導教戰手冊 by: (Language materials, printed)

人人都是明星職員 : 高生產力九大秘訣 by: (Language materials, printed)

自戀式領導 by: (Language materials, printed)

奇異之眼 : 全球具競爭力企業導人傑克.威爾許的領導秘訣 by: (Language materials, printed)

第一次當經理人的9堂課 by: (Language materials, printed)

三國人才學 : 商用中國式用人藝術 by: (Language materials, printed)

王牌領隊 : 有效領導專業團隊 by: (Language materials, printed)

默默領導 : 哈佛商學院管理經典 by: (Language materials, printed)

如何管理你的團隊 by: (Language materials, printed)

模範領導 : 領導,就是讓員工願意主動成就非常之事 by: (Language materials, printed)

火線領導 by: (Language materials, printed)

職場不敗 : 借鏡職場贏家的30個關鍵性格與常勝要訣 by: (Language materials, printed)

邱吉爾的領導智慧 by: (Language materials, printed)

劍鋒 : 世紀領袖的領導藝術 by: (Language materials, printed)

CEO的秘密 : 頂尖經理人的十大專業守則 by: (Language materials, printed)

膽識 : 美國國防部長倫斐的政商領導之道 by: (Language materials, printed)

經理人問題解決技巧立即上手 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導力 by: (Language materials, printed)

掌擊哲學 : 英雄退位,團體出場 by: (Language materials, printed)

圓夢智慧 : 頂尖商場領導人給工作人的55堂課 by: (Language materials, printed)

孟洛管理 : 誰都學得會的智慧型有效管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

EMBA的第一門課 by: (Language materials, printed)

栽培領袖 : 耶穌會的人才學 by: (Language materials, printed)

共贏 = Win-win : 天才將軍的另類領導 : the unique leadership style of an outstanding general by: (Language materials, printed)

鐵腕執行力 : 帶領企業突破困境的關鍵領導人 by: (Language materials, printed)

經理人有效指導實用手冊 by: (Language materials, printed)

經理人必備20大強效管理工具 : 成功管理組織與員工,全面提升企業競爭力 by: (Language materials, printed)

經理人績效管理手冊 by: (Language materials, printed)

新手主管 : 33種捷徑,讓部屬為你賣命 by: (Language materials, printed)

傳說中,有一顆領導力小藥丸 : 高效領導的秘密配方 by: (Language materials, printed)

假如你明天當上主管 by: (Language materials, printed)

天才老闆與偉大員工 : 如何發掘,創造並且留住人才 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導人世紀對話 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導力 : 如何責備部屬 by: (Language materials, printed)

老狗新把戲 by: (Language materials, printed)

以理服人/中外領導名人管理實例/ by: (Language materials, printed)

以法管人 by: (Language materials, printed)

真誠領導 by: (Language materials, printed)

價值領導 : 驅動企業價值的七大法則 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導心理學 by: (Language materials, printed)

總裁何需金湯匙 : 從基層雇員到副總裁的奮鬥歷程 by: (Language materials, printed)

英國皇家桑赫斯特陸軍學院領導塑造課程 = Sandhurst royal military academy : 領導!捨我其誰 by: (Language materials, printed)

看得見的領導 by: (Language materials, printed)

第三意見 : 領導力存摺 by: (Language materials, printed)

主管別瞎忙 : 成為有效領導的意志型主管 by: (Language materials, printed)

關鍵領導90天 by: (Language materials, printed)

說故事的領導 : 引發行動、分享知識、創造未來的終極領導學 by: (Language materials, printed)

杜拉克談領導未來 by: (Language materials, printed)

站在浪頭 : 追求卓越領導的成功寓言法則 by: (Language materials, printed)

僕人修練與實踐 : 改變自已,才能改變一切 by: (Language materials, printed)

你想活多久 by: (Language materials, printed)

你必須知道的一件事 by: (Language materials, printed)

最偉大的商戰教父曹操 by: (Language materials, printed)

重新得力21分鐘 by: (Language materials, printed)

僕人領導 by: (Language materials, printed)

牧羊人領導 : 聖經詩篇中的領導智慧 by: (Language materials, printed)

7x150的卓越領導力 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導巨擘 : 當代最具影響力的25位領導人 by: (Language materials, printed)

南懷瑾談領導的藝術 by: (Language materials, printed)

經營者的11條誡律 by: (Language materials, printed)

職場登峰指南 by: (Language materials, printed)

CEO啟示錄 = The master of an enterprise : 最有價值的12位企業執行長 by: (Language materials, printed)

責任感病毒 : 防止責任感病毒「入侵」 by: (Language materials, printed)

團隊領導的5大障礙 by: (Language materials, printed)

領袖洞見系列1 by: (Language materials, printed)

領袖洞見系列2 by: (Language materials, printed)

MBA教程之組織行為學 by: (Language materials, printed)

CEO要你知道的事 by: (Language materials, printed)

團隊領導的五大突破 : 領導人.主管以及顧問必備的教戰手冊 by: (Language materials, printed)

輕鬆當個好主管 by: (Language materials, printed)

深度智慧 by: (Language materials, printed)

五星智慧 : 麥克阿瑟的領導管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導的聖經 by: (Language materials, printed)

總統這樣做就對了 = President : 內聖外王的領導藝術 by: (Language materials, printed)

新官上任36計 : 領導人的處世智慧 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導者該作什麼 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導心理學 : 掌握人心、激發工作動力的領導學 by: (Language materials, printed)

簡單管理 : 奇異總裁威爾許最推崇的管理策略 by: (Language materials, printed)

誰是接班人? by: (Language materials, printed)

好主管的10堂必修課 by: (Language materials, printed)

你會問問題嗎? : 問對問題是成功領導的第一步 by: (Language materials, printed)

說話的技術 : 威爾許、賈伯斯、川普等全球頂尖商人教你的溝通智慧 : 卓越的溝通技巧,給你卓越的人生! by: (Language materials, printed)

黑色領導 : 從影集《黑道家族》談傑出領導的秘密 by: (Language materials, printed)

帝王的智慧 by: (Language materials, printed)

臺灣世界級企業家領導風範 by: (Language materials, printed)

別把自己做小了! by: (Language materials, printed)

主管可不可以說實話? by: (Language materials, printed)

最強的公司由你打造 by: (Language materials, printed)

主管如何幫公司賺錢 by: (Language materials, printed)

學會讚美的第一本書 by: (Language materials, printed)

僕人領導力 by: (Language materials, printed)

好上司速成班 : 快速成為好主管的23個方法 by: (Language materials, printed)

哈佛MBA的四大祕密 : 卓越領導 by: (Language materials, printed)

王熙鳳是個好領導 : 紅樓夢的管理之道 by: (Language materials, printed)

活學活用的領導智慧 by: (Language materials, printed)

中小企業賺錢的6個秘密 = Six profitable secrets for middle and small enterprises by: (Language materials, printed)

當家作主關鍵100天 : 8大計畫讓你成功走馬上任 by: (Language materials, printed)

膽識 : 做個大膽顛覆的頂尖領導者 by: (Language materials, printed)

穿著亞曼尼的惡魔 : 收服人心的上司學 by: (Language materials, printed)

健康的領導力 : 如何避開五種危險的領導模式 by: (Language materials, printed)

打造巨人 by: (Language materials, printed)

領袖獅子心 by: (Language materials, printed)

口袋大師教A+領導力 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導人都到哪裡去了 by: (Language materials, printed)

如果你是下一個管理者 by: (Language materials, printed)

實力 : 成功主管的8個Know-How by: (Language materials, printed)

經營達人 : 傑克.威爾奇 : 打造史上最高價值的奇異電器公司 by: (Language materials, printed)

中國帝王統御術下 by: (Language materials, printed)

策略過程 : 軍事與商業之比較 by: (Language materials, printed)

當責 : 沒有當責,成果只是運氣 by: (Language materials, printed)

個體的崛起 : 歐洲首席企管大師談自主性管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

微笑工作論 by: (Language materials, printed)

有效的經營者 by: (Language materials, printed)

比爾.蓋茲智慧全集 = The wisdom collection of Bill Gates by: (Language materials, printed)

桃園縣校長誌 by: (Language materials, printed)

從NO到GO : 界限越清楚,自由越無限 by: (Language materials, printed)

七顆種子的秘密 : 少了任何一顆,你都無法得到完整的快樂 by: (Language materials, printed)

破除舊思維建立管理新觀念 : 他們到底在想什麼? by: (Language materials, printed)

有效的團隊引導 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導梯隊 : 全面打造各級領導人 by: (Language materials, printed)

360度全方位領導 by: (Language materials, printed)

冰山在融化 : 在逆境中成功變革的關鍵智慧 by: (Language materials, printed)

戰國武將的領導決斷學 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導學散步 by: (Language materials, printed)

葛理翰的領導祕訣 by: (Language materials, printed)

組織力 by: (Language materials, printed)

總裁的綠手指 : 放手與放心的鮮活企業 by: (Language materials, printed)

愛情紅不讓 : 超猛約會祕技80則 by: (Language materials, printed)

未來式領導人 : 21位當代領導學權威智慧論壇上 by: (Language materials, printed)

會用人也要會管人 by: (Language materials, printed)

這是你的船 : 有效領導的十大技巧 by: (Language materials, printed)

決策技巧 by: (Language materials, printed)

高效經理人的八個好習慣 by: (Language materials, printed)

A級人生 : 打破成規、發揮潛能的12堂課 by: (Language materials, printed)

這是你的船 : 成功領導的技巧和實踐 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導力小藥丸 by: (Language materials, printed)

英雄年代 : 乘勢而起的商業巨人 by: (Language materials, printed)

從A到A+的卓越之路 by: (Language materials, printed)

第三智慧 : 運用量子思維建立組織創造性思考模式 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導人的逆思考 : 成功領導者必須具備的反向觀點 by: (Language materials, printed)

下一個領袖菁英 : 全球頂尖企業最想要的領導人才10大指標 by: (Language materials, printed)

有效溝通技巧 by: (Language materials, printed)

贏在細節管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

別找代罪羔羊 : 你是不是把別人視為麻煩 by: (Language materials, printed)

好主管要學黑道老大 : 為什麼老大聊天泡茶,兄弟就能自動自發? by: (Language materials, printed)

台灣世界級企業家領導風範 by: (Language materials, printed)

與領導有約 = Principle-Centered Leadership by: (Language materials, printed)

未來式領導人(下):21 位當代領導學權威智慧論壇 / by: (Language materials, printed)

未來式領導人 <上>:21 位當代領導學權威智慧論壇 / by: (Language materials, printed)

這是你的船 : 成功領導的技巧和實踐 / by: (Language materials, printed)

冰山在融化 : 在逆境中成功變革的關鍵智慧 / by: (Language materials, printed)

別把自己做小了! / by: (Language materials, printed)

總裁獅子心 = From messenger to manager: the success story of Stanley Yen / by: (Language materials, printed)

別開會了,趕快做! :一對一的無會議高效管理 / by: (Language materials, printed)

從經理人到領導者八大養成之道立即上手 / by: (Language materials, printed)

從心領導 :令部屬心悅誠服的管理心法 = Leading by your heart / by: (Language materials, printed)

僕人領導學 :領導者與跟隨者互惠雙贏的領導哲學 / by: (Language materials, printed)

九型人格與領導力密碼 :解密領導者識人用人管人之道.發現最真實、最根本的需求和渴望 / by: (Language materials, printed)

領導力21法則 :足以改變你一生的原則與作法 / by: (Language materials, printed)

亞馬遜逆向工作法 :揭密全球最大電商的經營思維 / by: (Language materials, printed)

從新主管到頂尖主管 / by: (Language materials, printed)

模範領導 :從自我領導開始, 掌握五大實務要領、十大承諾, 讓團隊成員願意主動成就非常之事 / by: (Language materials, printed)

亞馬遜逆向工作法 :揭密全球最大電商的經營思維 / by: (Language materials, printed)

亞馬遜逆向工作法 : 揭密全球最大電商的經營思維 / by: (Language materials, printed)

亞馬遜逆向工作法 : 揭密全球最大電商的經營思維 / by: (Language materials, printed)

領袖21特質 / by: (Language materials, printed)

亞馬遜逆向工作法 : 揭密全球最大電商的經營思維 / by: (Language materials, printed)